CSS Agriculture and Forestry MCQs

This comprehensive set of MCQs on Agriculture and Forestry for the Central Superior Services (CSS) examination is meticulously designed to cover all essential topics outlined in the CSS syllabus. Encompassing key areas such as agricultural practices, crop production, soil management, forestry techniques, sustainable land use, and rural development, these MCQs aim to equip aspiring CSS candidates with the necessary knowledge of agricultural and forestry management.

Who should practice CSS Agriculture and Forestry MCQs?

Candidates preparing for the CSS examination who wish to strengthen their knowledge of agriculture, forestry, and their implications for sustainable development.
Individuals seeking to understand the challenges of modern agriculture, resource management, and forest conservation, which are essential for civil services roles.
University students focused on high-yield topics like crop science, irrigation, pest control, afforestation, and land management, which are crucial for the CSS Agriculture and Forestry syllabus.
Anyone interested in addressing the environmental, economic, and social aspects of agricultural and forestry systems.
Students dedicated to mastering agriculture and forestry concepts to excel in competitive exams and pursue careers in public sector management related to natural resources and rural development.

1. Integrated Agriculture involves the use of which of the following components as the basis for agricultural production?

A) Land, water, biological, environmental, solar, and energy
B) Only land and water
C) Biological and environmental components
D) Solar energy alone

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2. What is the primary challenge faced by Pakistan’s agriculture sector?

A) Excessive rainfall
B) Limited access to technology
C) Land fragmentation and water scarcity
D) Overpopulation

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3. Which of the following is a key strategy to improve crop management in Pakistan?

A) Increasing urbanization
B) Enhancing mechanization and technology use
C) Reducing water use
D) Reducing government support for farmers

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4. Livestock management in Pakistan faces challenges mainly due to:

A) Overgrazing
B) Insufficient veterinary services
C) Climate change
D) All of the above

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5. The future prospects of Pakistan’s agriculture can be improved by:

A) Reducing the agricultural workforce
B) Increasing mechanization and technology integration
C) Limiting the use of fertilizers
D) Encouraging more land conversion into industrial zones

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6. The concept of farming systems includes:

A) Traditional monoculture farming
B) Integrated crop-livestock farming systems
C) Organic farming only
D) Crop cultivation without irrigation

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7. Biological nitrogen fixation is important for:

A) Increasing nitrogen content in the soil
B) Reducing soil acidity
C) Decreasing soil fertility
D) Reducing the need for chemical fertilizers

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8. Soil fertility is primarily affected by:

A) Climate
B) Soil structure and texture
C) The amount of water in the soil
D) The depth of the soil

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9. Which of the following is a method of soil conservation?

A) Overgrazing
B) Afforestation
C) Urbanization
D) Over-irrigation

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10. The main issue associated with water-logging in agriculture is:

A) Increased crop yield
B) Root suffocation and poor growth of crops
C) Enhanced soil fertility
D) Decreased salinity

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11. Which of the following is a genetically modified crop?

A) Organic wheat
B) Bt cotton
C) Traditional maize
D) Non-GMO soybean

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12. Seed production technology aims to:

A) Increase crop yield by using better seeds
B) Improve livestock breeding
C) Improve food quality by changing diet
D) Focus on global trade of seeds

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13. Floriculture refers to:

A) The cultivation of fruit-bearing trees
B) The cultivation and sale of flowers and ornamental plants
C) The cultivation of edible plants
D) The study of agricultural pests

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14. Landscaping is primarily concerned with:

A) The protection of forests
B) The design and management of outdoor spaces for aesthetic purposes
C) The cultivation of crops for food production
D) The conservation of wildlife habitats

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15. Integrated pest management (IPM) includes:

A) The sole use of chemical pesticides
B) Prevention, monitoring, and use of natural predators
C) Ignoring environmental factors
D) Planting monocultures only

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16. Rainfed agriculture primarily depends on:

A) Artificial irrigation systems
B) Natural rainfall patterns
C) Greenhouse cultivation
D) Large-scale mechanization

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17. Irrigated agriculture is most common in areas with:

A) Frequent droughts
B) Limited access to water
C) Adequate water resources for artificial irrigation
D) High precipitation levels

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18. Agriculture mechanization includes:

A) Using hand tools for farming
B) Using tractors, harvesters, and automated technology
C) Relying solely on animal labor
D) Ignoring modern technologies

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19. Land tenure refers to:

A) The amount of land available for agriculture
B) The ownership and rights to use land for farming
C) The climate conditions of a region
D) The type of crops grown on land

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20. The role of agriculture in the national economy is:

A) Unimportant in developing nations
B) Significant in terms of employment, GDP contribution, and food production
C) Only focused on urbanization
D) Limited to export of raw materials

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21. The significance of forests, rangelands, and wildlife is that they:

A) Serve as a food source for humans only
B) Help in maintaining biodiversity, soil fertility, and water cycles
C) Are not important for human survival
D) Lead to the loss of agricultural land

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22. Forest management in Pakistan focuses on:

A) Expanding urban areas
B) Protecting forest resources and promoting sustainable use
C) Reducing forest areas for urban development
D) Ignoring conservation policies

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23. Silviculture is the science of:

A) Growing vegetables
B) Managing and cultivating forests
C) Livestock breeding
D) Agricultural irrigation systems

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24. Range management involves:

A) Cultivating crops for market sale
B) Managing grasslands and open lands for livestock and wildlife
C) Increasing pesticide use
D) Limiting forest fires

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25. The role of wildlife as value addition to forestry includes:

A) Reducing soil fertility
B) Enhancing biodiversity and generating eco-tourism opportunities
C) Overgrazing of forest lands
D) Reducing forest resources

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26. Forest-based wildlife resources in Pakistan include:

A) Marine fisheries
B) Endangered species and biodiversity that depend on forests
C) Livestock farming
D) Wheat and rice production

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27. Eco-tourism focuses on:

A) Exploiting natural resources for profit
B) Promoting tourism that emphasizes conservation and sustainability
C) Deforestation for new tourist infrastructure
D) Urban development

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28. Agroforestry refers to:

A) Planting only trees for timber production
B) Integrating trees and shrubs into agricultural land for ecological benefits
C) Using only one type of crop
D) Forest conservation for wildlife only

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29. Social forestry aims to:

A) Increase timber production
B) Encourage community involvement in forest management
C) Restrict access to forest resources
D) Use forests for industrial purposes only

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30. The socioeconomic impact of man-made forests includes:

A) Loss of biodiversity
B) Positive effects on local communities through employment and resource use
C) Destruction of natural habitats
D) Reduced water quality

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31. Watershed management is essential for:

A) Enhancing industrial growth
B) Preventing soil erosion, controlling floods, and managing water resources
C) Increasing urbanization
D) Expanding monoculture crops

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32. The role of forests in addressing climate change includes:

A) Increasing greenhouse gas emissions
B) Reducing carbon emissions by acting as carbon sinks
C) Promoting desertification
D) Reducing biodiversity

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33. National forest laws and policies are designed to:

A) Reduce forest areas for urbanization
B) Protect and sustainably manage forest resources
C) Encourage illegal logging
D) Promote the use of fossil fuels

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34. Forest biometrics is the study of:

A) Forest diseases
B) Measuring forest resources such as trees and timber
C) Soil health
D) Agricultural pests

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35. Biodiversity in forests is important because it:

A) Reduces the productivity of forests
B) Increases vulnerability to diseases
C) Enhances ecosystem stability and provides resources for humans
D) Encourages deforestation

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36. The main purpose of national forest policies is to:

A) Promote deforestation
B) Ensure sustainable management of forest resources
C) Encourage the use of fossil fuels
D) Limit community access to forest resources

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37. The concept of sustainable forestry emphasizes:

A) Unlimited extraction of resources
B) Conservation and long-term management of forest ecosystems
C) Urban development
D) Ignoring the role of forests in climate change

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38. Which of the following is a significant threat to Pakistan’s forests?

A) Overgrazing and illegal logging
B) Sustainable farming practices
C) Eco-tourism
D) Proper land management

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39. In forest management, the main focus is on:

A) Increasing monoculture farming
B) Sustainable use of timber and non-timber resources
C) Decreasing forest cover
D) Overexploiting forest resources

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40. One of the main benefits of agroforestry is:

A) Increased soil erosion
B) Enhanced crop yields and environmental health
C) Deforestation
D) Overdependence on chemical fertilizers

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41. Which of the following is an example of agro-ecosystem management?

A) Monoculture farming of a single crop
B) Integrating crops, livestock, and trees in a farm system
C) Deforestation for urban development
D) Exclusively using synthetic fertilizers and pesticides

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42. The primary goal of sustainable agriculture is to:

A) Maximize short-term profits
B) Maintain ecological balance and reduce environmental impact
C) Focus only on increasing crop yields
D) Rely on monocultures for production

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43. Which of the following is the most important factor influencing crop growth in rainfed areas?

A) Soil texture
B) Availability of irrigation water
C) Rainfall patterns
D) Use of chemical fertilizers

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44. The term ‘Food Security’ refers to:

A) A country’s ability to export large amounts of food
B) The availability of food for all people at all times
C) The ability to produce food domestically
D) The economic prosperity of agricultural sectors

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45. Which of the following techniques is used to improve water use efficiency in agriculture?

A) Over-irrigation
B) Drip irrigation
C) Flood irrigation
D) Relying on rain-fed farming

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46. Agroforestry contributes to climate change mitigation by:

A) Reducing carbon emissions from fossil fuels
B) Sequestering carbon dioxide in trees and soil
C) Promoting the use of synthetic fertilizers
D) Encouraging desertification

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47. The major environmental issue in Pakistan’s agricultural sector is:

A) Overuse of synthetic pesticides
B) Lack of access to modern farming technology
C) Climate change and water scarcity
D) Poor livestock management

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48. The practice of crop rotation primarily helps in:

A) Preventing soil erosion
B) Maintaining soil fertility and reducing pest pressure
C) Increasing water usage
D) Reducing labor costs

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49. Which of the following is a major role of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in agriculture?

A) Increasing soil acidity
B) Decomposing organic matter
C) Converting atmospheric nitrogen into a form plants can use
D) Increasing soil salinity

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50. The major objective of community forestry is to:

A) Exclusively protect forest reserves
B) Allow unrestricted use of forest resources
C) Ensure local communities benefit from forest resources while promoting sustainable management
D) Prioritize timber production for export

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51. The term ‘Silvopasture’ refers to:

A) The use of forests for wildlife conservation
B) The integration of livestock grazing with tree planting in forested areas
C) The use of forests for timber production only
D) The clearing of forests for agricultural land

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52. Which of the following forest management techniques helps in biodiversity conservation?

A) Clear-cutting of forests
B) Sustainable harvesting and tree planting
C) Ignoring the role of wildlife in forest management
D) Deforestation for industrial expansion

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53. What is the main benefit of using organic farming methods?

A) Increased pesticide usage
B) Soil conservation and increased biodiversity
C) Reduced labor costs
D) Faster crop growth

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54. In Pakistan, the agriculture sector primarily relies on:

A) High-tech farming machinery
B) Water-intensive irrigation practices
C) Modern biotechnology
D) Urban agricultural practices

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55. Which of the following is a method of preventing desertification in arid areas?

A) Increasing deforestation
B) Overgrazing by livestock
C) Implementing soil conservation techniques such as terracing and afforestation
D) Expanding urban areas

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56. The main focus of water management in agriculture is to:

A) Reduce crop yields
B) Increase soil erosion
C) Optimize water usage and ensure crop health
D) Promote over-irrigation for high yields

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57. In Pakistan, which of the following crops is predominantly grown in irrigated areas?

A) Rice
B) Wheat
C) Barley
D) Millet

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58. The process of pollination in crops is enhanced by:

A) Removing all natural vegetation around fields
B) Using artificial pesticides
C) The presence of pollinators such as bees and butterflies
D) Limiting the use of fertilizers

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59. Which of the following is a non-timber forest product (NTFP)?

A) Timber
B) Resin
C) Firewood
D) Logs

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60. The concept of sustainable forest management focuses on:

A) Maximizing profit from timber alone
B) Decreasing the area of protected forests
C) Long-term forest health and resource conservation
D) Expanding agricultural land by cutting forests

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61. The process of agroecology seeks to:

A) Replace traditional farming with industrial agriculture
B) Integrate ecological principles into agricultural practices
C) Prioritize the use of synthetic chemicals
D) Ignore environmental factors in farming

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62. The major cause of forest degradation in Pakistan is:

A) Urban expansion and deforestation for construction
B) Sustainable forest management
C) Eco-tourism and wildlife protection
D) The use of fire in controlled burns

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63. The impact of invasive species on forestry is:

A) They help in the growth of native species
B) They do not affect forest ecosystems
C) They can outcompete native species and reduce biodiversity
D) They improve soil quality

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64. One of the major impacts of deforestation is:

A) Increased carbon sequestration
B) Decreased biodiversity and climate regulation
C) Improved soil fertility
D) Increased rainfall

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65. Which of the following is a key characteristic of organic farming?

A) Use of genetically modified organisms
B) Reliance on chemical fertilizers and pesticides
C) Emphasis on crop rotation and soil health
D) Focus on monoculture farming

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66. The main focus of forest-based carbon trading schemes is:

A) Promoting overuse of forest resources
B) Generating revenue through the sale of carbon credits for forest conservation
C) Reducing forest management efforts
D) Encouraging deforestation for industrial expansion

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67. The practice of “agroecology” focuses on:

A) Scaling up monoculture farming
B) Applying ecological principles to optimize food production systems
C) Overuse of chemical pesticides
D) Reducing biodiversity in agricultural landscapes

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68. Sustainable forestry aims to:

A) Decrease carbon sequestration
B) Use all forest resources without concern for future generations
C) Balance environmental, social, and economic benefits for long-term forest health
D) Promote logging without regulations

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69. Forest fragmentation is primarily caused by:

A) Properly managed forest reserves
B) Deforestation and land-use changes such as agriculture and urbanization
C) Afforestation efforts
D) Expansion of wildlife reserves

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70. The role of genetic diversity in forestry includes:

A) Making forests more susceptible to pests and diseases
B) Ensuring forest resilience to environmental changes and diseases
C) Increasing forest exploitation
D) Reducing biodiversity

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71. In the context of forest products, “non-timber” refers to:

A) Timber used for furniture and construction
B) Forest products such as fruits, nuts, medicinal plants, and resin
C) Firewood
D) Logs for industrial use

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72. The impact of overgrazing by livestock on forests is:

A) Enhanced tree growth
B) Soil degradation and reduced forest regeneration
C) Increased forest cover
D) Improved biodiversity

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73. Which of the following is a key principle of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)?

A) Relying only on chemical pesticides
B) Ignoring environmental factors
C) Using a combination of biological, cultural, and mechanical controls along with chemical methods
D) Monoculture farming practices

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74. The primary goal of crop management is to:

A) Maximize land area
B) Achieve a balance between crop yields, environmental health, and economic viability
C) Use as many pesticides as possible
D) Ignore environmental sustainability

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75. Livestock management in Pakistan faces significant challenges due to:

A) Lack of genetic improvement programs
B) Efficient breeding techniques
C) Use of modern technologies
D) Over-regulation of the industry

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76. One of the main benefits of agroforestry is:

A) Decreased biodiversity
B) Improved soil fertility and water retention
C) Increased use of synthetic fertilizers
D) Decreased crop yields

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77. The soil texture that is most conducive to agriculture is:

A) Sand
B) Loam
C) Clay
D) Peat

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78. The Green Revolution in Pakistan had a significant impact on:

A) Industrial growth
B) Agricultural productivity through the use of high-yielding varieties, fertilizers, and irrigation
C) Wildlife conservation
D) Urban expansion

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79. The primary function of biological nitrogen fixation is:

A) Converting nitrogen into a form that plants can absorb
B) Enhancing the salinity of the soil
C) Increasing water retention in the soil
D) Breaking down organic matter

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80. The process of ‘drip irrigation’ is used to:

A) Flood fields with water
B) Apply water directly to plant roots using a slow, consistent flow
C) Water large areas without precision
D) Promote water wastage in crops

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81. Which of the following is a key characteristic of genetically modified (GM) crops?

A) Increased resistance to pests, diseases, and environmental stress
B) Reduced yields
C) Increased dependency on chemical fertilizers
D) Decreased biodiversity

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82. Which of the following is a challenge in rainfed agriculture in Pakistan?

A) Over-irrigation
B) Water scarcity and irregular rainfall patterns
C) Excessive use of pesticides
D) Lack of fertile land

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83. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) includes:

A) The use of only chemical pesticides
B) A variety of methods to control pests, including biological, cultural, and mechanical techniques
C) Complete eradication of all pests
D) Ignoring the ecological impact of pest control methods

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84. The relationship between climate and crop growth is most influenced by:

A) Soil fertility
B) Temperature, rainfall, and sunlight
C) The use of chemical fertilizers
D) The proximity to urban areas

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85. The importance of range management is to:

A) Protect wild animals only
B) Improve grazing areas for livestock while preventing overgrazing
C) Focus solely on timber production
D) Increase the land available for urbanization

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86. Which of the following is a major cause of waterlogging in agricultural areas?

A) Excessive use of organic fertilizers
B) Over-irrigation and poor drainage systems
C) Dryland farming
D) Flood control measures

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87. The primary role of trees in agroforestry is to:

A) Increase soil erosion
B) Provide shade, improve soil fertility, and reduce wind erosion
C) Compete with crops for resources
D) Increase chemical pesticide usage

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88. Which of the following practices helps conserve soil fertility?

A) Continuous monocropping
B) Use of crop rotation and organic matter additions
C) Overuse of chemical fertilizers
D) Large-scale deforestation

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89. The concept of watershed management involves:

A) Management of water only for irrigation purposes
B) Effective management of the entire water system including upstream and downstream regions
C) Ignoring the impact of land use on water resources
D) Reducing the use of water for irrigation

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90. The process of silviculture involves:

A) The practice of wildlife conservation
B) Managing and growing forests for timber and other forest products
C) Irrigating crops
D) Promoting desertification

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91. The role of forests in mitigating climate change is primarily due to:

A) Their ability to absorb and store carbon dioxide
B) Their ability to produce more timber
C) Their effect on increasing soil erosion
D) Their promotion of large-scale agricultural activities

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92. What is the primary objective of watershed management?

A) Increasing industrial water consumption
B) Ensuring sustainable water use for agriculture, urban areas, and ecosystems
C) Decreasing the agricultural land area
D) Over-extracting groundwater resources

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93. The most commonly grown crops in Pakistan’s rainfed areas are:

A) Rice and sugarcane
B) Wheat and maize
C) Cotton and pulses
D) Barley and millet

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94. Which of the following is a sustainable practice in soil erosion control?

A) Deforestation
B) Planting cover crops, terracing, and contour farming
C) Overgrazing by livestock
D) Large-scale monoculture farming

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95. The role of genetic modification in agriculture includes:

A) Increasing food production by developing drought-resistant crops
B) Reducing the need for organic farming
C) Promoting the use of chemical fertilizers
D) Preventing the use of irrigation

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96. The main challenge in managing the livestock sector in Pakistan is:

A) High-quality feed availability
B) Excessive government regulations
C) Limited access to veterinary services and breeding programs
D) Over-regulation of markets

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97. The major environmental impact of deforestation in Pakistan is:

A) Increase in agricultural productivity
B) Loss of biodiversity and disruption of the water cycle
C) Growth of urban areas
D) Improved soil quality

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98. Which of the following techniques is used to increase water retention in soil?

A) Overgrazing
B) Applying organic mulch and cover crops
C) Excessive irrigation
D) Clear-cutting of forests

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99. What is the primary purpose of integrated agriculture?

A) To increase the use of pesticides in farming
B) To combine agricultural and forestry practices for better resource management
C) To maximize crop production at the cost of the environment
D) To focus solely on industrial farming

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100. The practice of forest biometrics involves:

A) Measuring forest carbon stock and biodiversity
B) The exploitation of forests for timber
C) Ignoring the role of wildlife in forests
D) Deforestation for urbanization

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