61. What does ‘acculturation’ refer to in anthropology?
A) The process by which a society rejects foreign cultural practices
B) The exchange and adaptation of cultural traits between two different cultures
C) The biological evolution of a culture
D) The complete assimilation of one culture into another
View AnswerB
62. Which of the following best describes ‘ethnocentrism’ in anthropology?
A) The belief that all cultures are equal and should be respected equally
B) The tendency to judge other cultures by the standards and values of one’s own culture
C) The idea that culture is determined solely by environmental factors
D) The recognition that all societies are interconnected through globalization
View AnswerB
63. What does the term ‘subculture’ mean in anthropology?
A) A smaller group of individuals who reject mainstream culture and live in isolation
B) A group within a larger culture that shares distinctive beliefs, practices, and values
C) A society that is disconnected from the larger cultural system
D) A culture that is technologically advanced compared to others
View AnswerB
64. What is the main difference between ‘material culture’ and ‘non-material culture’?
A) Material culture refers to physical objects, while non-material culture refers to abstract ideas, beliefs, and values
B) Material culture focuses on traditions, while non-material culture concerns technological advancements
C) Material culture is always adaptive, while non-material culture is static
D) There is no significant difference between material and non-material culture
View AnswerA
65. Which of the following is an example of ‘cultural relativism’ in anthropology?
A) Judging a culture based on the values and norms of another culture
B) Understanding a culture’s practices from within that culture’s context, without imposing outside judgments
C) Believing that one’s culture is superior to others
D) Ignoring cultural differences in favor of universal norms
View AnswerB
66. What is ‘primitive communism’ according to Karl Marx’s theory of social evolution?
A) A type of political system that was prevalent in ancient empires
B) A stage of human society where there was no private property, and resources were shared collectively
C) A form of capitalism that existed before industrialization
D) A social system based on highly stratified class structures
View AnswerB
67. What is a ‘chiefdom’ in anthropological terms?
A) A political system in which authority is decentralized and resides in various local leaders
B) A social organization in which a single leader or chief holds centralized power, often with a hierarchy of leaders beneath them
C) A form of direct democracy practiced by hunter-gatherer societies
D) A system of government where no centralized authority exists, and each family governs itself
View AnswerB
68. Which of the following is a characteristic of ‘tribal’ political organizations?
A) Formal leadership positions and a written constitution
B) A hierarchy of power and social classes
C) Informal leadership with decisions made through consensus and traditions
D) Centralized political control by a monarch or emperor
View AnswerC
69. What does ‘social stratification’ refer to in anthropology?
A) The biological differences between individuals in a society
B) The hierarchical arrangement of individuals or groups within a society based on factors like wealth, power, and prestige
C) The way societies organize their resources for survival
D) The cultural differences that distinguish social classes in a society
View AnswerB
70. Which of the following best describes ‘institutionalization’ in anthropology?
A) The process of developing new cultural norms through technological advancements
B) The formalization of social structures and norms that regulate behavior within a society
C) The abandonment of traditional practices in favor of modern innovations
D) The rejection of social institutions that do not serve the needs of the people
View AnswerB
71. What is the primary focus of ‘biological anthropology’?
A) The study of ancient artifacts and cultural evolution
B) The analysis of human biology, including genetics, evolution, and physical adaptation
C) The exploration of language and communication patterns in different cultures
D) The study of political and economic systems in societies
View AnswerB
72. What is ‘linguistic anthropology’ concerned with?
A) The biological factors influencing language development
B) The study of language as a cultural and social phenomenon, including its role in communication, identity, and power
C) The relationship between language and the environment
D) The use of language in religious rituals
View AnswerB
73. In anthropology, what is ‘cultural evolutionism’?
A) The belief that all cultures evolve in a fixed and predictable way
B) The idea that cultures evolve based on their relationship with the environment
C) The view that cultures improve over time through the accumulation of technological knowledge
D) The study of cultural change through historical processes
View AnswerA
74. What is the primary objective of ‘urban anthropology’?
A) To study the rural economy and agricultural practices
B) To examine the impact of urbanization on culture, society, and the environment
C) To analyze ancient cities and their role in human history
D) To study the biological development of urban populations
View AnswerB
75. What is ‘ethnography’ in anthropology?
A) A study of ancient civilizations through archaeological remains
B) The systematic study of human societies through detailed observation and participation in their daily lives
C) The comparison of different human species over time
D) The analysis of kinship structures and their role in society
View AnswerB
76. What does ‘gender’ refer to in anthropological terms?
A) The biological differences between men and women
B) The social and cultural roles, behaviors, and attributes that a society considers appropriate for men and women
C) The legal status of men and women in society
D) The physical characteristics of individuals in a society
View AnswerB
77. What is ‘cultural anthropology’ concerned with?
A) The analysis of economic systems in society
B) The study of human cultures, including their social practices, beliefs, and values
C) The study of biological differences between human populations
D) The exploration of language and communication patterns
View AnswerB
78. What does the ‘dialectical materialism’ theory, proposed by Karl Marx, argue?
A) That ideas and cultural practices shape society
B) That social change arises from contradictions in material conditions, particularly economic forces
C) That history is shaped by religious beliefs and practices
D) That societies progress through distinct, fixed stages
View AnswerB
79. What is the focus of ‘economic anthropology’?
A) The study of economic markets and their relation to technology
B) The study of human economic behavior, including production, distribution, and consumption within a cultural context
C) The examination of the economic power of the state
D) The analysis of global trade and its impact on local societies
View AnswerB
80. Which of the following best describes ‘social organization’ in anthropology?
A) The biological structure of human societies
B) The way in which societies structure and categorize their members, including roles, relationships, and social hierarchies
C) The technological systems used in societies to produce goods
D) The environmental factors influencing the development of societies
View AnswerB
81. In anthropology, what does ‘cultural diffusion’ mean?
A) The biological inheritance of cultural traits
B) The movement of people from one society to another
C) The spread of cultural elements (such as practices, ideas, or technologies) from one society to another
D) The decline of cultural practices due to external pressure
View AnswerC
82. What does ‘kinship’ refer to in anthropology?
A) The relationships between individuals based on economic factors
B) The connections between individuals based on marriage, descent, or other social ties
C) The inheritance of material culture within a family
D) The process by which people form political alliances
View AnswerB
83. What does the ‘political economy’ approach in anthropology focus on?
A) The role of religion in the organization of society
B) The ways in which political and economic systems interact and influence social structures
C) The biological factors that influence political systems
D) The study of how power dynamics are maintained in small-scale societies
View AnswerB
84. What is the primary role of ‘rituals’ in society according to anthropology?
A) To express economic power
B) To reinforce social norms, values, and group identity
C) To create new technologies
D) To organize political hierarchies
View AnswerB
85. What is the study of ‘human rights’ in anthropology concerned with?
A) The enforcement of international laws
B) The protection and respect for cultural diversity
C) The application of anthropology to legal and social justice issues
D) The examination of government policies on global security
View AnswerC
86. What does ‘anthropological fieldwork’ typically involve?
A) Laboratory experiments and controlled conditions
B) Living and working within a community to observe and participate in daily activities
C) Analyzing historical documents and archaeological finds
D) Conducting interviews with political leaders and business owners
View AnswerB
87. Which of the following is a feature of ‘postmodernism’ in anthropology?
A) The focus on universal truths and objective knowledge
B) The rejection of all cultural relativism
C) The recognition of multiple perspectives and the importance of subjectivity in ethnographic writing
D) The emphasis on evolutionary theories as the basis for cultural change
View AnswerC
88. What is ‘globalization’ in the context of anthropology?
A) The study of how the physical environment affects cultural practices
B) The integration and interconnection of economies, cultures, and societies across the world
C) The decline of cultural practices in the face of international conflicts
D) The rise of individualism and nationalism in modern societies
View AnswerB
89. What does ‘material culture’ primarily include in anthropology?
A) The thoughts and beliefs of a culture
B) The physical objects, tools, and technology created and used by a culture
C) The religious practices and rituals of a society
D) The laws and political systems of a society
View AnswerB
90. What does ‘social change’ refer to in anthropology?
A) The biological changes within a population
B) The shifts in cultural practices, norms, and values over time
C) The advancements in technology that affect political systems
D) The decline in social cooperation and harmony
View AnswerB
91. Which of the following is an example of ‘economic anthropology’?
A) Studying the historical development of capitalism
B) Analyzing how economic practices are embedded within specific cultural contexts
C) Exploring the psychological impacts of economic recessions
D) Investigating how human emotions affect economic decision-making
View AnswerB
92. What is ‘participant observation’ in anthropological research?
A) The analysis of data through surveys and questionnaires
B) The process of living among a community and participating in its daily life to understand its culture
C) The study of ancient artifacts and remains
D) The collection of secondary data from published sources
View AnswerB
93. What is ‘symbolic interactionism’ in anthropology?
A) A focus on how culture evolves through material conditions
B) The study of how individuals and groups create meanings through their interactions and symbols
C) The analysis of economic forces driving social behavior
D) A theoretical approach to understanding political and social conflicts
View AnswerB
94. What does ‘historical particularism’ emphasize in anthropology?
A) The universality of cultural stages across all societies
B) The unique historical development of each culture, shaped by its particular conditions
C) The role of social institutions in shaping culture
D) The biological foundations of cultural practices
View AnswerB
95. What is ‘cultural materialism’ in anthropology?
A) The study of the materialistic aspects of culture, such as technological advancements
B) The belief that culture can only be understood through material objects
C) The view that material conditions, such as the environment and economy, shape culture
D) The rejection of non-material aspects of culture
View AnswerC
96. What is the focus of ‘feminist anthropology’?
A) To study the ways in which gender inequalities are perpetuated in different societies
B) To analyze the biological differences between men and women
C) To explore the roles of women in early human history
D) To study the economic contributions of women in primitive societies
View AnswerA
97. What does the term ‘social construction of race’ mean in anthropology?
A) The idea that racial differences are biological and natural
B) The view that race is created and defined by social and cultural forces, rather than biology
C) The concept that race is an inherent part of human evolution
D) The belief that race is not relevant in modern society
View AnswerB
98. What is the role of ‘rituals’ in socialization?
A) To provide a means of biological reproduction
B) To reinforce shared beliefs, norms, and values within a society
C) To organize the political structure of a community
D) To promote economic exchanges within a society
View AnswerB
99. What does ‘social cohesion’ refer to in anthropology?
A) The ways in which societies break down and fragment over time
B) The bonds that hold a society together, including shared values, norms, and beliefs
C) The biological similarities that exist within a population
D) The political systems that regulate power and authority in a society
View AnswerB
100. What does the term ‘exogamy’ mean in anthropological terms?
A) The practice of marrying within one’s own social group
B) The practice of marrying outside one’s social group or tribe
C) The acceptance of multiple marriage partners within a society
D) The refusal to marry at all in a community
View AnswerB