64. Which term describes the breaking down of rocks into smaller particles by natural forces?
A) Erosion
B) Weathering
C) Lithification
D) Sedimentation
View AnswerB
65. The Richter scale is used to measure what aspect of earthquakes?
A) Duration
B) Depth
C) Intensity
D) Magnitude
View AnswerD
66. Which type of volcano is characterized by steep sides and explosive eruptions?
A) Shield volcano
B) Cinder cone
C) Stratovolcano
D) Lava plateau
View AnswerC
67. An unconformity in geology indicates which of the following?
A) Continuous deposition of sediments
B) A gap in the geological record
C) Volcanic activity
D) A fault zone
View AnswerB
68. The transformation of sediment into sedimentary rock is primarily achieved through which process?
A) Melting and cooling
B) Cementation and compaction
C) Erosion and weathering
D) Metamorphism
View AnswerB
69. Which mineral has a characteristic red streak and is an important source of iron?
A) Hematite
B) Quartz
C) Calcite
D) Galena
View AnswerA
70. The boundary between the Earth’s crust and mantle is known as the what?
A) Asthenosphere
B) Moho
C) Lithosphere
D) Outer core
View AnswerB
71. Which type of rock is most likely to contain fossils?
A) Igneous
B) Sedimentary
C) Metamorphic
D) Volcanic
View AnswerB
72. In which geological period did the dinosaurs first appear?
A) Triassic
B) Jurassic
C) Cretaceous
D) Permian
View AnswerA
73. The hydrologic cycle describes the movement of which substance through different parts of Earth?
A) Rock
B) Water
C) Carbon
D) Nitrogen
View AnswerB
74. Which type of fault involves horizontal movement of tectonic plates?
A) Normal fault
B) Reverse fault
C) Strike-slip fault
D) Thrust fault
View AnswerC
75. Which of these layers of Earth is primarily composed of liquid iron and nickel?
A) Crust
B) Mantle
C) Inner core
D) Outer core
View AnswerD
76. Stalactites and stalagmites are formations found in which type of environment?
A) Coastal plains
B) Deserts
C) Caves
D) River valleys
View AnswerC
77. The principle that states that sedimentary layers are deposited in horizontal layers is known as what?
A) Principle of superposition
B) Principle of original horizontality
C) Principle of cross-cutting relationships
D) Principle of faunal succession
View AnswerB
78. Which geological process involves the transportation of sediments by wind, water, or ice?
A) Lithification
B) Erosion
C) Compaction
D) Metamorphism
View AnswerB
79. Which type of magma is most likely to produce a violent volcanic eruption?
A) Basaltic
B) Andesitic
C) Rhyolitic
D) Ultramafic
View AnswerC
80. The fossil record primarily provides evidence of what?
A) Geological processes
B) Evolution of life
C) Formation of rocks
D) Earth’s magnetic field
View AnswerB
81. Which rock cycle process directly leads to the formation of igneous rocks?
A) Erosion
B) Melting and cooling
C) Compaction
D) Weathering
View AnswerB
82. Which mineral has a cubic crystal system and is commonly used in table salt?
A) Quartz
B) Gypsum
C) Halite
D) Calcite
View AnswerC
83. The term “geothermal gradient” refers to what?
A) Variation in magnetic field with depth
B) Temperature increase with depth in Earth
C) Seismic wave velocity changes
D) Pressure changes in Earth
View AnswerB
84. Which rock is known as “fossil fuel” due to its organic content?
A) Granite
B) Coal
C) Limestone
D) Sandstone
View AnswerB
85. Which process is responsible for the formation of soil from parent rock material?
A) Weathering
B) Erosion
C) Sedimentation
D) Melting
View AnswerA
86. The bending of rock layers due to stress is known as what?
A) Faulting
B) Folding
C) Uplift
D) Subsidence
View AnswerB
87. Which mineral property is identified by scratching it with another substance?
A) Streak
B) Luster
C) Hardness
D) Cleavage
View AnswerC
88. Which type of rock is commonly associated with a metamorphic aureole?
A) Sedimentary
B) Igneous
C) Foliated metamorphic
D) Non-foliated metamorphic
View AnswerC
89. Which type of fault results from tension and creates a footwall that moves up relative to the hanging wall?
A) Reverse fault
B) Normal fault
C) Strike-slip fault
D) Transform fault
View AnswerB
90. Which of the following is considered an ore of aluminum?
A) Bauxite
B) Hematite
C) Galena
D) Magnetite
View AnswerA
91. When tectonic plates collide and form a mountain range, this is primarily due to which process?
A) Subduction
B) Folding
C) Erosion
D) Seafloor spreading
View AnswerB
92. A substance with well-formed crystals and fixed chemical composition is known as what?
A) Rock
B) Mineral
C) Fossil
D) Gemstone
View AnswerB
93. Basalt is primarily composed of which mineral group?
A) Silicates
B) Carbonates
C) Oxides
D) Sulfates
View AnswerA
94. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of which type of plate boundary?
A) Convergent
B) Transform
C) Divergent
D) Collision
View AnswerC
95. Which of the following sedimentary rocks is known for its high porosity and permeability, making it ideal for groundwater storage?
A) Granite
B) Shale
C) Sandstone
D) Marble
View AnswerC
96. Which of the following gases is commonly released by volcanic eruptions?
A) Oxygen
B) Nitrogen
C) Carbon dioxide
D) Methane
View AnswerC
97. Which fossil type is most useful for dating the relative age of rock layers?
A) Body fossils
B) Index fossils
C) Trace fossils
D) Mineralized fossils
View AnswerB
98. The law of superposition is primarily used in what type of rock formations?
A) Igneous
B) Sedimentary
C) Metamorphic
D) Volcanic
View AnswerB
99. The term “weathering” in geology refers to what?
A) The transport of sediments
B) The breakdown of rocks at Earth’s surface
C) The formation of igneous rocks
D) The layering of sedimentary rocks
View AnswerB
100. Which tectonic setting is typically associated with the formation of new oceanic crust?
A) Continental rift
B) Subduction zone
C) Mid-ocean ridge
D) Transform fault
View AnswerC